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The typical three- movement structure, a slow movement e. The concerto originated as a genre of vocal music in the late 16th century: the instrumental variant appeared around a century later, when Italians such as Giuseppe Torelli started to publish their concertos. A few decades later, Venetian composers, such as Antonio Vivaldi , had written hundreds of violin concertos , while also producing solo concertos for other instruments such as a cello or a woodwind instrument , and concerti grossi for a group of soloists.
The first keyboard concertos , such as George Frideric Handel 's organ concertos and Johann Sebastian Bach 's harpsichord concertos were written around the same time. In the second half of the 18th century, the piano became the most used keyboard instrument , and composers of the Classical Era such as Joseph Haydn , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven each wrote several piano concertos , and, to a lesser extent, violin concertos, and concertos for other instruments.
During the 20th century concertos appeared by major composers for orchestral instruments which had been neglected in the 19th century such as the Clarinet , Viola and French Horn. An interesting feature of this period is the proliferation of concerti for less usual instruments, including orchestral ones such as the Double Bass by composers like Eduard Tubin or Peter Maxwell Davies and Cor Anglais like those by MacMillan and Aaron Jay Kernis , but also folk instruments such as Tubin's concerto for Balalaika or the concertos for Harmonica by Villa-Lobos and Malcolm Arnold , and even Deep Purple 's Concerto for Group and Orchestra , a concerto for a rock band.
Concertos from previous ages have remained a conspicuous part of the repertoire for concert performances and recordings. Less common has been the previously common practice of the composition of concertos by a performer to performed personally, though the practice has continued via international competitions for instrumentalists such as the Van Cliburn Piano Competition and the Queen Elisabeth Competition , both requiring performances of concertos by the competitors.
The Italian word concerto , meaning accord or gathering, derives from the Latin verb concertare , which indicates a competition or battle. Compositions were for the first time indicated as concertos in the title of a music print when the Concerti by Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli [ scores ] were published in In the 17th century, sacred works for voices and orchestra were typically called concertos, as reflected by J. Bach 's usage of the title "concerto" for many of the works that we know as cantatas.
The concerto began to take its modern shape in the late- Baroque period, beginning with the concerto grosso form developed by Arcangelo Corelli. Corelli's concertino group was two violins, a cello and harpsichord. Bach's Fifth Brandenburg Concerto , for example, the concertino is a flute, a violin, and a harpsichord; although the harpsichord is a featured solo instrument, it also sometimes plays with the ripieno , functioning as a continuo keyboard accompaniment.
Later, the concerto approached its modern form, in which the concertino usually reduces to a single solo instrument playing with or against an orchestra. The main composers of concertos of the baroque were Tommaso Albinoni , Antonio Vivaldi e. The concerto was intended as a composition typical of the Italian style of the time, and all the composers were studying how to compose in the Italian fashion all'Italiana.
The Baroque concerto was mainly for a string instrument violin , viola , cello , seldom viola d'amore or harp or a wind instrument flute , recorder , oboe , bassoon , horn , or trumpet ,. Bach also wrote a concerto for two violins and orchestra. The concertos of the sons of Johann Sebastian Bach , such as C.
Bach , are perhaps the best links between those of the Baroque period and those of the Classical era. It is conventional to state that the first movements of concertos from the Classical period onwards follow the structure of sonata form.
Final movements are often in rondo form, as in J. Bach's E Major Violin Concerto. Mozart wrote five violin concertos, all in Several passages have leanings towards folk music , as manifested in Austrian serenades. Mozart also wrote the Sinfonia Concertante for violin, viola, and orchestra. Beethoven wrote only one violin concerto that remained obscure until revealed as a masterpiece in a performance by violin virtuoso Joseph Joachim on 27 May Bach's keyboard concertos contain some virtuosic solo writing.
Some of them have movements that run into one another without a break, and there are frequent cross-movement thematic references. Then he arranged three sonata movements by Johann Christian Bach. By the time he was twenty, Mozart was able to write concerto ritornelli that gave the orchestra admirable opportunity for asserting its character in an exposition with some five or six sharply contrasted themes, before the soloist enters to elaborate on the material. Of his 27 piano concertos , the last 22 are highly appreciated.
Bach wrote five flute concertos and two oboe concertos. Mozart wrote five horn concertos, with two for flute, oboe later rearranged for flute and known as Flute Concerto No. Haydn wrote an important trumpet concerto and a Sinfonia Concertante for violin, cello, oboe and bassoon as well as two horn concertos. In the 19th century, the concerto as a vehicle for virtuosic display flourished, and concertos became increasingly complex and ambitious works.
With Charles, the government became more absolute, even though until his mother died in , Charles did not hold the full kingship of the country.
Soon resistance to the Emperor arose because of heavy taxation to support foreign wars in which Castilians had little interest and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Castile and America, ignoring Castilian candidates.
The resistance culminated in the Revolt of the Comuneros , which Charles suppressed. Comuneros once released Joanna and wanted to depose Charles and support Joanna to be the sole monarch instead. While Joanna refused to depose her son, her confinement would continue after the revolt to prevent possible events alike.
Immediately after crushing the Castilian revolt, Charles was confronted again with the hot issue of Navarre when King Henry II attempted to reconquer the kingdom.
Main military operations lasted until , when Hondarribia surrendered to Charles's forces, but frequent cross-border clashes in the western Pyrenees only stopped in Treaties of Madrid and Cambrai. After these events, Navarre remained a matter of domestic and international litigation still for a century a French dynastic claim to the throne did not end until the July Revolution in Jeanne was instead forced to marry William, Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg , but that childless marriage was annulled after four years.
After its integration into Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. However, the two conflicting strategies of Charles V, enhancing the possessions of his family and protecting Catholicism against Protestants heretics, diverted resources away from building up the Spanish economy. Elite elements in Spain called for more protection for the commercial networks, which were threatened by the Ottoman Empire.
Charles instead focused on defeating Protestantism in Germany and the Netherlands, which proved to be lost causes. Each hastened the economic decline of the Spanish Empire in the next generation. The Duchy of Milan , however, was under French control.
In , Francis I of France retook the initiative, crossing into Lombardy where Milan, along with several other cities, once again fell to his attack.
Pavia alone held out, and on 24 February Charles's twenty-fifth birthday , Charles's forces led by Charles de Lannoy captured Francis and crushed his army in the Battle of Pavia. In Francesco II Sforza died without heirs, and Charles V annexed the territory as a vacant Imperial state with the help of Massimiliano Stampa , one of the most influential courtiers of the late Duke.
In addition, Habsburg trade in the Mediterranean was consistently disrupted by the Ottoman Empire. In a Holy League consisting of all the Italian states and the Spanish kingdoms was formed to drive the Ottomans back, but it was defeated at the Battle of Preveza.
Decisive naval victory eluded Charles; it would not be achieved until after his death, at the Battle of Lepanto in They conquered the large Aztec and Inca empires and incorporated them into the Empire as the Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru between and Combined with the circumnavigation of the globe by the Magellan expedition in , these successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of Christendom , which still perceived a significant threat from Islam.
The conquests also helped solidify Charles's rule by providing the state treasury with enormous amounts of bullion. The local Spaniards strongly objected because it assumed the equality of Indians and Spaniards. The locals wanted complete control over labor and got it under Philip II in the s. On 28 August , Charles issued a charter authorizing the transportation of slaves direct from Africa to the Americas.
Up until that point since at least , African slaves had usually been transported to Castile or Portugal and had then been transhipped to the Caribbean. Charles's decision to create a direct, more economically viable Africa to America slave trade fundamentally changed the nature and scale of the transatlantic slave trade. Welser , in compensation for his inability to repay debts owed.
The concession, known as Klein-Venedig little Venice , was revoked in Charles V is credited with the first idea of constructing an American Isthmus canal in Panama as early as After the death of his paternal grandfather, Maximilian , in , Charles inherited the Habsburg monarchy.
He was also the natural candidate of the electors to succeed his grandfather as Holy Roman Emperor. According to some, Charles became emperor due to the fact that by paying huge bribes to the electors, he was the highest bidder. He won the crown on 28 June Despite his holding the imperial throne, Charles's real authority was limited by the protestant princes. They gained a strong foothold in the Empire's territories, and Charles was determined not to let this happen in the Netherlands.
An inquisition was established as early as In , the death penalty was introduced for all cases of unrepentant heresy. Political dissent was also firmly controlled, most notably in his place of birth, where Charles, assisted by the Duke of Alba , personally suppressed the Revolt of Ghent in mid-February Charles abdicated as emperor in in favour of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication and thus make it legally valid until 24 February Up to that date, Charles continued to use the title of emperor.
Much of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with France, which found itself encircled by Charles's empire while it still maintained ambitions in Italy. The first war with Charles's great nemesis Francis I of France began in Charles allied with England and Pope Leo X against the French and the Venetians, and was highly successful, driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at the Battle of Pavia in When he was released, however, Francis had the Parliament of Paris denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress.
In the Treaty of Cambrai , called the "Ladies' Peace" because it was negotiated between Charles's aunt and Francis' mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy but retained control of Burgundy. A third war erupted in Following the death of the last Sforza Duke of Milan , Charles installed his son Philip in the duchy, despite Francis' claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but he succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally, the Duke of Savoy , including his capital Turin.
A truce at Nice in on the basis of uti possidetis ended the war but lasted only a short time. Despite the conquest of Nice by a Franco-Ottoman fleet , the French could not advance toward Milan, while a joint Anglo-Imperial invasion of northern France, led by Charles himself, won some successes but was ultimately abandoned, leading to another peace and restoration of the status quo ante bellum in A final war erupted with Francis' son and successor, Henry II , in Henry won early success in Lorraine , where he captured Metz , but French offensives in Italy failed.
Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son, Philip II , and his brother, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles fought continually with the Ottoman Empire and its sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent.
However, by , central and southern Hungary fell under Turkish control. Suleiman won the contest for mastery of the Mediterranean, in spite of Christian victories such as the conquest of Tunis in At the same time, the Muslim Barbary corsairs , acting under the general authority and supervision of the sultan, regularly devastated the Spanish and Italian coasts and crippled Spanish trade.
The advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe chipped at the foundations of Habsburg power and diminished Imperial prestige. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in , he again allied himself with the Ottomans in in a Franco-Ottoman alliance. Later, in , Charles signed a humiliating [94] treaty with the Ottomans to gain himself some respite from the huge expenses of their war.
Charles V made overtures to the Safavid Empire to open a second front against the Ottomans, in an attempt at creating a Habsburg-Persian alliance. Contacts were positive, but rendered difficult by enormous distances.
In effect, however, the Safavids did enter in conflict with the Ottoman Empire in the Ottoman-Safavid War , forcing it to split its military resources. The issue of the Protestant Reformation was first brought to the imperial attention under Charles V.
After Luther defended the Ninety-five Theses and his writings, the Emperor commented: "that monk will never make me a heretic". Charles V relied on religious unity to govern his various realms, otherwise unified only in his person , and perceived Luther's teachings as a disruptive form of heresy. He outlawed Luther and issued the Edict of Worms , declaring:.
All of these, their whole life long, were faithful sons of the Roman Church After their deaths they left, by natural law and heritage, these holy catholic rites, for us to live and die by, following their example. And so until now I have lived as a true follower of these our ancestors. I am therefore resolved to maintain everything which these my forebears have established to the present. Nonetheless, Charles V kept his word and left Martin Luther free to leave the city.
Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony and protector of Luther, lamented the outcome of the Diet. On the road back from Worms, Luther was kidnapped by Frederick's men and hidden in a distant castle in Wartburg. There, he began to work on his German translation of the bible. The spread of Lutheranism led to two major revolts: that of the knights in — and that of the peasants led by Thomas Muntzer in — While the pro-Imperial Swabian League , in conjunction with Protestant princes afraid of social revolts, restored order, Charles V used the instrument of pardon to maintain peace.
Thereafter, Charles V took a tolerant approach and pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Lutherans. At the Imperial Diet of Augsburg was requested by Emperor Charles V to decide on three issues: first, the defence of the Empire against the Ottoman threat; second, issues related to policy, currency and public well-being; and, third, disagreements about Christianity, in attempt to reach some compromise and a chance to deal with the German situation.
It produced numerous outcomes, most notably the declaration of the Lutheran estates known as the Augsburg Confession Confessio Augustana , a central document of Lutheranism. Luther's assistant Philip Melanchthon went even further and presented it to Charles V.
The emperor strongly rejected it, and in the Schmalkaldic League was formed by Protestant princes. In , Charles V recognized the League and effectively suspended the Edict of Worms with the standstill of Nuremberg. The standstill required the Protestants to continue to take part in the Imperial wars against the Turks and the French, and postponed religious affairs until an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church was called by the Pope to solve the issue.
Due to Papal delays in organizing a general council, Charles V decided to organize a German summit and presided over the Regensburg talks between Catholics and Lutherans in , but no compromise was achieved.
In , the Council of Trent was finally opened and the Counter-Reformation began. The Catholic initiative was supported by a number of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Schmalkaldic League refused to recognize the validity of the council and occupied territories of Catholic princes. At the Augsburg Interim in , he created a solution giving certain allowances to Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. However, members of both sides resented the Interim and some actively opposed it.
The council was re-opened in with the participation of Lutherans, and Charles V set up the Imperial court in Innsbruck , Austria, sufficiently close to Trent for him to follow the evolution of the debates. Maurice of Saxony , instrumental for the Imperial victory in the first conflict, switched side to the Protestant cause and bypassed the Imperial army by marching directly into Innsbruck with the goal of capturing the Emperor.
Charles V was forced to flee the city during an attack of gout and barely made it alive to Villach in a state of semi-consciousness carried in a litter.
After failing to recapture Metz from the French, Charles V returned to the Low Countries for the last years of his emperorship. In , he instructed his brother Ferdinand to sign the Peace of Augsburg in his name. The agreements led to the religious division of Germany between Catholic and Protestant princedoms. Noted Spanish Poet Garcilaso de la Vega , was a nobleman and ambassador in the royal court of Charles. He was first appointed "contino" imperial guard of the King in Peter Martyr d'Anghiera was an Italian historian at the service of Spain who wrote the first accounts of explorations in Central and South America in a series of letters and reports, grouped in the original Latin publications of to into sets of ten chapters called "decades.
Martyr was given the post of chronicler cronista in the newly formed Council of the Indies , commissioned by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to describe what was occurring in the explorations of the New World.
In Charles gave him the title of Count Palatine , and in called him once more into the Council of the Indies. The Palace of Charles V was commanded by Charles, who wished to establish his residence close to the Alhambra palaces. Although the Catholic Monarchs had already altered some rooms of the Alhambra after the conquest of the city in , Charles V intended to construct a permanent residence befitting an emperor. The project was given to Pedro Machuca , an architect whose life and development are poorly documented.
At the time, Spanish architecture was immersed in the Plateresque style, with traces of Gothic architecture still visible. Machuca built a palace corresponding stylistically to Mannerism , a mode then in its infancy in Italy.
The exterior of the building uses a typically Renaissance combination of rustication on the lower level and ashlar on the upper. The building has never been a home to a monarch and stood roofless until During his lifetime, Charles V had several mistresses, his step-grandmother, Germaine de Foix among them.
These liaisons occurred during his bachelorhood and only once during his widowerhood; there are no records of his having any extramarital affairs during his marriage. After his ascension to the Spanish thrones, negotiations for Charles's marriage began shortly after his arrival in Castile, with the Castilian nobles expressing their wishes for him to marry his first cousin Isabella of Portugal , the daughter of King Manuel I of Portugal and Charles's aunt Maria of Aragon.
The nobles desired Charles's marriage to a princess of Castilian blood, and a marriage to Isabella would have secured an alliance between Castile and Portugal. However, the year-old King was in no hurry to marry and ignored the nobles' advice, exploring other marriage options. However, this engagement was very problematic because Mary was only 6 years old at the time, sixteen years Charles's junior, which meant that he would have to wait for her to be old enough to marry.
By , Charles was no longer interested in an alliance with England and could not wait any longer to have legitimate children and heirs. Following his victory in the Battle of Pavia , Charles abandoned the idea of an English alliance, cancelled his engagement to Mary and decided to marry Isabella and form an alliance with Portugal.
A marriage to Isabella was more beneficial for Charles, as she was closer to him in age, was fluent in Spanish and provided him with a very handsome dowry of , Portuguese cruzados or Castilian folds that would help to solve the financial problems brought on by the Italian Wars. The marriage was originally a political arrangement, but on their first meeting, the couple fell deeply in love: Isabella captivated the Emperor with her beauty and charm.
They were married that very same night in a quiet ceremony in the Hall of Ambassadors, just after midnight. Following their wedding, Charles and Isabella spent a long and happy honeymoon at the Alhambra in Granada.
Charles began the construction of the Palace of Charles V in , wishing to establish a permanent residence befitting an emperor and empress in the Alhambra palaces. However, the palace was not completed during their lifetimes and remained roofless until the late 20th century. Despite the Emperor's long absences due to political affairs abroad, the marriage was a happy one, as both partners were always devoted and faithful to each other. The marriage lasted for thirteen years, until Isabella's death in The Empress contracted a fever during the third month of her seventh pregnancy, which resulted in antenatal complications that caused her to miscarry a stillborn son.
Her health further deteriorated due to an infection, and she died two weeks later on 1 May , aged Charles was left so grief-stricken by his wife's death that for two months he shut himself up in a monastery, where he prayed and mourned for her in solitude. In memory of his wife, the Emperor commissioned the painter Titian to paint several posthumous portraits of Isabella; the finished portraits included Titian's Portrait of Empress Isabel of Portugal and La Gloria.
In , Charles paid tribute to Isabella's memory when he commissioned the Flemish composer Thomas Crecquillon to compose new music as a memorial to her. It expresses the Emperor's grief and great wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife. Charles and Isabella had seven legitimate children, but only three of them survived to adulthood:. Due to Philip II being a grandson of Manuel I of Portugal through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death Henry, the Cardinal-King , in , thus establishing the personal union between Spain and Portugal.
Charles suffered from an enlarged lower jaw mandibular prognathism , a congenital deformity that became considerably worse in later Habsburg generations, giving rise to the term Habsburg jaw. This deformity may have been caused by the family's long history of inbreeding, the consequence of repeated marriages between close family members, as commonly practiced in royal families of that era to maintain dynastic control of territory. In his retirement, he was carried around the monastery of St.
Yuste in a sedan chair. A ramp was specially constructed to allow him easy access to his rooms. His abdications all occurred at the Palace of Coudenberg in the city of Brussels. First he abdicated the thrones of Sicily and Naples, both fiefs of the Papacy, and the Imperial Duchy of Milan , in favour of his son Philip on 25 July Philip was secretly invested with Milan already in and again in , but only in did the emperor make it public. The most famous—and only public—abdication took place a year later, on 25 October , when Charles announced to the States General of the Netherlands reunited in the great hall where he was emancipated exactly forty years before by Emperor Maximilian his abdication in favour of his son of those territories as well as his intention to step down from all of his positions and retire to a monastery.
When I was nineteen I undertook to be a candidate for the Imperial crown, not to increase my possessions but rather to engage myself more vigorously in working for the welfare of Germany and my other realms I had almost reached my goal, when the attack by the French king and some German princes called me once more to arms.
Against my enemies I accomplished what I could, but success in war lies in the hands of God, Who gives victory or takes it away, as He pleases I must for my part confess that I have often misled myself, either from youthful inexperience, from the pride of mature years, or from some other weakness of human nature. I nonetheless declare to you that I never knowingly or willingly acted unjustly If actions of this kind are nevertheless justly laid to my account, I formally assure you now that I did them unknowingly and against my own intention.
I therefore beg those present today, whom I have offended in this respect, together with those who are absent, to forgive me. He concluded the speech by mentioning his voyages: ten to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, seven to Spain, seven to Italy, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa.
His last public words were, "My life has been one long journey. With no fanfare, in he finalised his abdications. The succession was recognized by the prince-electors assembled at Frankfurt only in , and by the Pope only in According to scholars, Charles decided to abdicate for a variety of reasons: the religious division of Germany sanctioned in ; the state of Spanish finances, bankrupted with inflation by the time his reign ended; the revival of Italian Wars with attacks from Henri II of France; the never-ending advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe; and his declining health, in particular attacks of gout such as the one that forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz where he was later defeated.
He arrived at the Monastery of Yuste of Extremadura in He continued to correspond widely and kept an interest in the situation of the empire, while suffering from severe gout. He lived alone in a secluded monastery, surrounded by paintings by Titian and with clocks lining every wall, which some historians believe were symbols of his reign and his lack of time. The evidence for this is dubious. Neither his physician nor his secretary mention such a thing in their letters, and it would have been against the canon law of the Catholic Church.
Charles was originally buried in the chapel of the Monastery of Yuste, but he left a codicil in his last will and testament asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which he would be reburied with Isabella. After the Monastery's Royal Crypt was completed in , the bodies of Charles and Isabella were relocated and re-interred into a small vault in directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel, in accordance with Charles's wishes to be buried "half-body under the altar and half-body under the priest's feet" side by side with Isabella.
They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal tombs were still under construction. In , after the Basilica and Royal tombs were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson Philip IV , the remains of Charles and Isabella were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica.
Exactly adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son Philip with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson Carlos, Prince of Asturias. Charles V accumulated a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of Burgundian, Spanish, and Austrian realms. Following the Pacts of Worms 21 April and Brussels 7 February , he secretly gave the Austrian lands to his younger brother Ferdinand and elevated him to the status of Archduke.
Nevertheless, according to the agreements, Charles continued to style himself as Archduke of Austria and maintained that Ferdinand acted as his vassal and vicar.
For example, all of Ferdinand's letters to Charles V were signed "your obedient brother and servant". Despite this, Charles also styled himself as King of Hungary and Bohemia and retained this titular use in official acts such as his testament as in the case of the Austrian lands.
As a consequence, cartographers and historians have described those kingdoms both as realms of Charles V and as possessions of Ferdinand, not without confusion.
Others, such as the Venetian envoys, reported that the states of Ferdinand were "all held in common with the Emperor".
Therefore, although he had agreed on the future division of the dynasty between Ferdinand and Philip II of Spain , during his own reign Charles V conceived the existence of a single "House of Austria" of which he was the sole head. The titles of King of Hungary, of Dalmatia, Croatia, etc. However, Charles's Imperial abdication marked the beginning of Ferdinand's suo jure rule in Austria and his other lands: despite the claims of Philip and his descendants, Hungary and Bohemia were left under the nominal and substantial rule of Ferdinand and his successors.
Formal disputes between the two lines over Hungary and Bohemia were to be solved with the Onate treaty of Charles I also incorporates the pillars of Hercules with the inscription " Plus Ultra ", representing the overseas Spanish empire and surrounding coat with the collar of the Golden Fleece , as sovereign of the Order ringing the shield with the imperial crown and Acola double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire and behind it the Cross of Burgundy.
From added to the corresponding quarter to Aragon and Sicily, one in which the arms of Jerusalem, Naples and Navarre are incorporated.
Charles V, the first ruler of an empire where the sun never set, [] has traditionally attracted considerable scholarly attention and also raises controversies among historians regarding his character, his rule and achievements or failures in the countries in his personal empire as well as various social movements and wider problems associated with his reign.
Historically seen as a great ruler by some or a tragic failure of a politician by others, he is generally seen by modern historians as an overall capable politician, a brave and effective military leader, although his political vision and financial management tend to be questioned. The figure of Charles V has been commemorated over time throughout Europe.
An imperial resolution of Franz Joseph I of Austria , dated 28 February , included Charles V in the list of the " most famous Austrian rulers and generals worthy of everlasting emulation ", and honored him with a life-size statue, made by the Bohemian sculptor Emanuel Max Ritter von Wachstein, located at the Museum of Military History, Vienna. Unusually among major European monarchs, Charles V discouraged monumental depictions of himself during his lifetime.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the opera, see Karl V. Portrait by Titian , probably with Lambert Sustris , Lord of the Netherlands Duke of Burgundy. El Escorial , Spain. Isabella of Portugal. In the 19th century, the concerto as a vehicle for virtuosic display flourished, and concertos became increasingly complex and ambitious works. Whilst performances of typical concertos in the baroque era lasted about ten minutes, those by Beethoven could last half an hour or longer.
The term concertino composition , or the German Konzertstuck "Concert Piece" began to be used to designate smaller pieces not considered large enough to be considered a full concerto, though the distinction has never been formalised and many Concertinos are still longer than the original Baroque concertos.
During the Romantic era the cello became increasingly used as a concerto instrument; though the violin and piano remained the most frequently used. Beethoven contributed to the repertoire of concertos for more than one soloist with a Triple Concerto for piano, violin, cello and orchestra while later in the century, Brahms wrote a Double Concerto for violin, cello and orchestra. Many of the concertos written in the early 20th century belong more to the late Romantic school, hence modernistic movement.
Masterpieces were written by Edward Elgar a violin concerto and a cello concerto , Sergei Rachmaninoff and Nikolai Medtner four and three piano concertos, respectively , Jean Sibelius a violin concerto , Frederick Delius a violin concerto, a cello concerto , a piano concerto and a double concerto for violin and cello , Karol Szymanowski two violin concertos and a "Symphonie Concertante" for piano , and Richard Strauss two horn concertos, a violin concerto, Don Quixote —a tone poem that features the cello as a soloist—and among later works, an oboe concerto.
Some of these innovations include a more frequent use of modality , the exploration of non-western scales , the development of atonality and neotonality , the wider acceptance of dissonances , the invention of the twelve-tone technique of composition and the use of polyrhythms and complex time signatures. These changes also affected the concerto as a musical form.
Beside more or less radical effects on musical language, they led to a redefinition of the concept of virtuosity that included new and extended instrumental techniques and a focus on previously neglected aspects of sound such as pitch , timbre and dynamics. In some cases, they also brought about a new approach to the role of soloists and their relation to the orchestra.
Two great innovators of early 20th-century music, Schoenberg and Stravinsky , both wrote violin concertos. The material in Schoenberg's concerto, like that in Berg's , is linked by the twelve-tone serial method. In the 20th century, particularly after the Second World War, the cello enjoyed an unprecedented popularity. As a result, its concertante repertoire caught up with those of the piano and the violin both in terms of quantity and quality.
Among the works of the prolific composer Alan Hovhaness may be noted Prayer of St. Gregory for trumpet and strings, though it is not a concerto in the usual sense of the term. In the later 20th century the concerto tradition was continued by composers such as Maxwell Davies , whose series of Strathclyde Concertos exploit some of the instruments less familiar as soloists.
Early Romantic traits can be found in the violin concertos of Viotti , but it is Spohr 's twelve violin concertos, written between and , that truly embrace the Romantic spirit with their melodic as well as their dramatic qualities.
In the Baroque era, two violins and one cello formed the standard concertino of a concerto grosso. In the classical era, the sinfonia concertante replaced the concerto grosso genre, although concertos for two or three soloists were still composed too. From the Romantic era works for multiple instrumental soloists and orchestra were again commonly called concerto. In the 20th and 21st centuries, several composers wrote concertos for orchestra. Some examples include those written by:.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Musical composition usually in three parts. For other uses, see Concerto disambiguation.
See also: Concerto Bach. See also: Sacred concerto. See also: Ripieno concerto and List of concertos by Christoph Graupner. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. April Learn how and when to remove this template message. See also: Chorale concerto and Hymn concertato. See also: Concerto for solo piano. Main article: Solo concerto.
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